A stomach ulcer, also known as a peptic ulcer, is a sore that develops in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Stomach ulcers are often caused by an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a stomach ulcer may include:
- Abdominal pain, which may be relieved by eating or taking antacids
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Bloating
The severity and frequency of symptoms can vary from person to person. Despite the fact that stomach ulcers can be quite painful, it is possible for an individual to have one without experiencing significant discomfort. Alternatively, a person with a stomach ulcer may experience symptoms such as indigestion, heartburn, and acid reflux, as well as feelings of nausea.
What causes stomach ulcers
Ulcers in the stomach occur when the protective layer covering the lining of the stomach is damaged by the acids present in the stomach.
This is usually a result of:
- Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
- Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen
- Overproduction of stomach acid
- Stress
- Smoking
- Alcohol consumption
- Certain medications, such as steroids
- Crohn’s disease or other inflammatory conditions affecting the digestive tract
- Family history of ulcers
It’s worth noting that in some cases, the cause of a stomach ulcer may not be known.
Who’s affected
Stomach ulcers can affect anyone, but they are more common in:
- People over the age of 60
- People who smoke
- People who drink alcohol excessively
- People who use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) regularly, such as ibuprofen and aspirin
- People with certain medical conditions, such as Crohn’s disease and HIV/AIDS
- People who experience high levels of stress.
Diagnosing stomach ulcers
There are several methods that can be used to diagnose stomach ulcers. Some common diagnostic tests include:
- Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end (an endoscope) is inserted through the mouth and into the stomach to look for ulcers.
- Blood test: A blood sample is taken and analyzed for the presence of a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori, which is a common cause of stomach ulcers.
- Stool test: A sample of stool is collected and tested for the presence of H. pylori.
- X-ray: An X-ray of the upper digestive system may be taken to look for ulcers.
- Upper gastrointestinal series: This test involves drinking a solution and then having X-rays taken to look for ulcers.
- Breath test: A person will drink a special solution and then exhale into a bag. The breath is then tested for the presence of H. pylori.
Treating stomach ulcers
The treatment for stomach ulcers depends on the cause of the ulcer. Some common treatment options include:
- Antibiotics: If an H. pylori infection is causing the ulcer, a course of antibiotics may be prescribed to kill the bacteria.
- Medications that reduce stomach acid: Ulcer-healing medications called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers can reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach, allowing the ulcer to heal.
- Medications to protect the stomach lining: Drugs called cytoprotective agents can help to protect the stomach lining and promote ulcer healing.
- Avoiding trigger foods and substances: Avoiding foods and substances that can irritate the stomach, such as alcohol and spicy foods, can help to prevent ulcers from forming or recurring.
- Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking and reducing stress can also help to prevent ulcers.
Complications of stomach ulcers
Untreated or poorly managed stomach ulcers can lead to a number of complications, including:
- Bleeding: Stomach ulcers can cause bleeding, which can lead to anemia (a reduction in the number of red blood cells) and fatigue. If the bleeding is severe, it may require a blood transfusion.
- Perforation: A stomach ulcer can erode through the wall of the stomach or intestine, causing a perforation. This is a serious complication that requires immediate surgery.
- Obstruction: A stomach ulcer can cause scar tissue to form, which can obstruct the passage of food through the digestive system. This can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
- Stricture: A stricture is a narrowing of the opening in the stomach or intestine. This can be caused by scar tissue formed as a result of a stomach ulcer. A stricture can cause difficulty swallowing and malnutrition.
- Gastric outlet obstruction: This is a blockage in the opening from the stomach to the small intestine. It can be caused by scar tissue from a stomach ulcer and can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of a stomach ulcer, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or blood in your stool. Early treatment can help prevent complications.
Preventing stomach ulcers
There are several measures that can be taken to help prevent the development of stomach ulcers:
- Avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, can irritate the lining of the stomach and increase the risk of ulcers. If you need to use NSAIDs, talk to your doctor about the best way to use them safely.
- Use protective medications: If you are at high risk of developing ulcers (e.g. due to the use of NSAIDs), your doctor may prescribe medications to help protect the lining of your stomach.
- Eat a healthy diet: A diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help protect the lining of your stomach.
- Avoid alcohol and tobacco: Alcohol and tobacco can irritate the lining of the stomach and increase the risk of ulcers.
- Manage stress: Chronic stress can increase the risk of ulcers, so it is important to find ways to manage stress effectively. This could include exercise, relaxation techniques (e.g. meditation, yoga), and seeking support from friends and family.
- Get tested for H. pylori infection: If you have a history of ulcers or other risk factors for H. pylori infection, your doctor may recommend testing to see if you are infected. If you are infected, treatment with antibiotics can help prevent the development of ulcers.