Kidney infections, also known as pyelonephritis, are a type of urinary tract infection that affects one or both of the kidneys. This condition can be serious and cause significant discomfort, so it is important to understand the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for kidney infections.
Kidney infection symptoms
The symptoms of a kidney infection typically include:
- Pain or discomfort in the side or lower back, where the kidneys are located
- Chills and fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- Urgency to urinate frequently
- Burning sensation while urinating
- Cloudy or bloody urine
- Strong-smelling urine
- Fatigue and weakness
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to prevent further complications.
Causes of kidney infection
Kidney infections are caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract and spread to the kidneys. The most common causes of kidney infections include:
- A bladder infection that spreads to the kidneys
- Bacteria entering the urinary tract through the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
- Blockages in the urinary tract, such as from a kidney stone or an enlarged prostate, which can trap bacteria and cause an infection
Risk factors for developing a kidney infection include having a weakened immune system, a history of urinary tract infections, being female (due to a shorter urethra), pregnancy, and using a catheter to drain the bladder.
Who’s Affected?
Anyone can develop a kidney infection, but some people are more at risk, including:
- Women, as the female urethra is shorter and closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to enter the urinary tract
- People with a weakened immune system, such as those with diabetes, cancer, or HIV/AIDS
- People with a history of urinary tract infections or kidney problems
- Pregnant women
- People who use catheters to drain their bladder
Diagnosing kidney infection
Diagnosing a kidney infection typically involves a combination of the following steps:
- Medical history: The healthcare provider or doctor will ask about symptoms and any medical conditions or factors that increase the risk of a kidney infection.
- Physical examination: The provider will perform a physical examination to check for signs of infection, such as tenderness in the area of the kidneys.
- Urine tests: A urine sample will be collected to check for bacteria and other signs of infection.
- Imaging tests: Depending on the results of the physical examination and urine tests, the healthcare provider may order imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, to view the kidneys and urinary tract.
- Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for signs of infection or complications, such as a high white blood cell count.
Based on the results of these tests, the healthcare provider or doctor can diagnose a kidney infection and determine the appropriate course of treatment.
Kidney infection treatment
The treatment of a kidney infection typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as pain relief and measures to manage symptoms. The specific treatment plan may include the following:
- Antibiotics: The healthcare provider will prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. The type and duration of antibiotic treatment will depend on the severity of the infection and any other factors, such as the patient’s medical history.
- Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, can help manage pain and reduce fever.
- Fluids: It is important to drink plenty of fluids, especially water, to help flush bacteria from the urinary tract and prevent dehydration.
- Rest: Getting plenty of rest and avoiding physical activity that puts pressure on the kidneys can help speed recovery.
- Follow-up care: Follow-up care with the healthcare provider is important to monitor progress and ensure that the infection has been fully treated.
In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for IV antibiotics and close monitoring. The healthcare provider may also perform additional tests to check for any underlying conditions that may have contributed to the infection.
It is important to follow the healthcare provider’s recommendations for treatment and follow-up care to reduce the risk of complications and ensure a full recovery.
Kidney infection complications
If a kidney infection is not treated promptly and effectively, it can lead to serious complications, including:
- Spread of infection: The infection can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream, causing sepsis, a life-threatening condition.
- Permanent kidney damage: The infection can cause permanent damage to the kidneys, leading to reduced kidney function or kidney failure.
- Recurrent infections: Kidney infections can recur, especially in people with weakened immune systems or recurring urinary tract infections.
- Pregnancy complications: Kidney infections during pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and the fetus, such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and stillbirth.
- Formation of scar tissue: The infection can cause scar tissue to form in the kidneys, blocking the normal flow of urine and causing damage to the kidneys.
Preventing kidney infection
Here are some steps that can help prevent kidney infections:
- Urinate regularly: Empty your bladder frequently and completely to help flush out bacteria.
- Good hygiene: Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from spreading from the anus to the urethra.
- Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water, to help flush bacteria from the urinary tract.
- Empty your bladder before and after sexual activity: This can help prevent bacteria from entering the urinary tract.
- Wear appropriate clothing: Avoid tight-fitting clothing and choose breathable materials, especially in hot weather, to reduce the risk of bacteria growth.
- Treat urinary tract infections promptly: If you experience symptoms of a urinary tract infection, seek medical attention promptly to prevent the infection from spreading to the kidneys.
- Consider preventive antibiotics: If you are at high risk for kidney infections, your healthcare provider may prescribe preventive antibiotics.
By taking these precautions, you can help reduce your risk of developing a kidney infection and protect your kidney health.